Brazilian Portuguese version and content validity of the Strengthening and Stretching for Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Hand (SARAH)

Abstract Introduction The Strengthening and Stretching for Rheumatoid Arthritis of the Hand (SARAH) program is a personalized, progressive 12-week exercise program for people with hand problems due to rheumatoid arthritis (RA). Patients are provided with two guidance documents, the 'Patient Exercise Booklet' and the 'Personal Exercise Guide', to continue the exercises independently at home. Objective This study aimed to translate and culturally adapt the SARAH protocol into Brazilian Portuguese and validate its content. Methods The guidance documents 'Patient Exercise Booklet' and 'Personal Exercise Guide' of the SARAH program were translated and culturally adapted to Brazilian Portuguese. The content validity was obtained by calculating the content validity index (CVI). Results The Brazilian version of the SARAH protocol reached semantic, idiomatic, conceptual, and cultural equivalences. The CVI was greater than 0.8, corresponding to a satisfactory index. The verbal comprehension was 4.9, showing good verbal comprehension ofthe target population. Conclusion The Brazilian Portuguese version of the SARAH protocol is available to Brazilian people with compromised hands due to RA with satisfactory content validity.

Adaptação Transcultural do Instrumento the Short Child Occupational Profile (SCOPE) para o Português Brasileiro / Cross-Cultural Adaptation of the Assessment Tool the Short Child Occupational Profile (SCOPE) to Brazilian Portuguese

RESUMO: A avaliação em Terapia Ocupacional é o primeiro passo para determinar o caminho da intervenção e assegurar que o cliente tenha a maior participação ocupacional possível. O instrumento Te Short Child Occupational Profile (SCOPE) é uma ferramenta que possibilita avaliar sistematicamente fatores que facilitam ou restringem a participação nas ocupações de crianças e adolescentes, sendo esses fatores baseados no Modelo de Ocupação Humana (MOHO). O objetivo do presente artigo foi descrever o estudo metodológico da adaptação transcultural do SCOPE para o português brasileiro. Os procedimentos metodológicos envolveram a tradução do instrumento para o português e retrotradução para o inglês; análise de equivalências semântica, idiomática, conceitual e experiencial pelo Comitê de Especialistas; verificação de clareza e compreensão do instrumento mediante Pré-Teste para consolidação de versão final e aprovação pela principal autora do instrumento original. Os processos de tradução e de retrotradução apresentaram poucas discrepâncias entre os termos, obtendo boa resolutividade entre os tradutores para a elaboração da síntese. Todas as sugestões de alterações do Comitê de Especialistas foram analisadas e devidamente incorporadas na versão preliminar do instrumento, que, na etapa de Pré-Teste apresentou boa ou ótima compreensão das frases por parte dos participantes. A versão brasileira do SCOPE foi aprovada pela principal autora do instrumento original. Obteve-se êxito no processo de adaptação transcultural do instrumento de avaliação para o Brasil, atualmente intitulado Perfil Ocupacional Inicial da Criança e do Adolescente (SCOPE-Brasil), estando apto a passar por novos estudos para obtenção de medidas psicométricas de validação com a população brasileira.

ABSTRACT: Te Occupational Terapy evaluation is the first step in determining the intervention path and ensuring that the client has the greatest possible occupational participation. Te assessment Te Short Child Occupational Profile (SCOPE) is a tool that makes it possible to systematically assess factors that facilitate or restrict participation in the occupations of children and adolescents, and these factors are based on the Model of Human Occupation (MOHO). Te aim of the present study was to describe the methodological study of the cross-cultural adaptation of SCOPE to Brazilian Portuguese. Te methodological procedures involved the translation of the assessment into Portuguese and back-translation to English; analysis of semantic, idiomatic, conceptual and experiential equivalences by the Expert Committee; verification of clarity and understanding of the instrument through a Pre-Test to consolidate the final version and approval by the main author of the original assessment. Te translation and back-translation processes showed few discrepancies between the terms, obtaining good resolution among the translators for the preparation of the synthesis. All suggestions for changes by the Expert Committee were analyzed and duly incorporated into the preliminary version of the instrument, which, in the Pre-Test stage, showed good or excellent understanding of sentences by the participants. Te Brazilian version of SCOPE was approved by the main author of the original assessment. Success was achieved in the process of cross-cultural adaptation of the assessment tool for Brazil, currently entitled: Initial Occupational Profile of Children and Adolescents (SCOPE-Brasil), being able to undergo further studies to obtain psychometric validation measures with the Brazilian population.

Adapting the Scale to Measure Care Ability of Family Caregivers of People with Chronic Diseases in Brazil / Adaptación de la Escala para Medir la Habilidad de Cuidado de Cuidadores Familiares de Personas con Enfermedad Crónica en Brasil / Adaptação da Escala para Medir a Habilidade de Cuidado de Cuidadores Familiares de Pessoas com Doença Crônica no Brasil

ABSTRACT Objective: To translate and culturally adapt the Scale to Measure the Care Ability of Family Caregivers of People with Chronic Diseases to the Brazilian context. Materials and Methods: This is a methodological study that followed the steps recommended by Dorcas Beaton for translating and culturally adapting this scale in Brazil. All ethical precepts have been respected. Results: The first translation of the instrument into Brazilian Portuguese was done by two translators; the consensual version was then established, which was back-translated into Spanish by another independent translator. The committee of specialists comprised seven health professionals, obtaining a content validity index (CVI) = 1.00 in 41 items, CVI = 0.86 in three items and CVI = 0.71 in four items. After adjusting the seven items, a pretest was applied to 14 family caregivers of people with chronic kidney disease. Based on this, the participants' difficulties were observed, and then the items were reviewed. Conclusions: After the translation and adaptation process was completed, the Brazilian version of the instrument entitled "Scale to Measure the Care Ability of Family Caregivers of People with Chronic Diseases" was obtained.

RESUMEN Objetivo: traducir y adaptar culturalmente la Escala para Medir la Habilidad de Cuidado de Cuidadores Familiares de Personas con Enfermedad Crónica para el contexto brasileño. Materiales y método: se trata de un estudio metodológico que siguió las etapas preconizadas por Dorcas Beaton para traducción y adaptación cultural de la referida escala en Brasil. Todos los principios éticos se respetaron. Resultados: la traducción inicial del instrumento para el portugués se realizó por dos traductores; luego, se estableció la versión consensual, la que se retrotradujo al español por otro traductor independiente. El comité de expertos contó con siete profesionales del área de la salud, obteniéndose Índice de Validez de Contenido (IVC) = 1,00 en 41 ítems, IVC = 0,86 en tres ítems y IVC = 0,71 en cuatro ítems. Tras la adecuación de los siete ítems, se aplicó la preprueba con 14 cuidadores familiares de personas con enfermedad crónica; de ahí, se logró encontrar las dificultades de los participantes y, así, revisar los ítems. Conclusiones: terminado el proceso de traducción y adaptación, se obtuvo la versión brasileña del instrumento titulada "Escala para Medir a Habilidade de Cuidado de Cuidadores Familiares de Pessoas com Doença Crônica".

RESUMO Objetivo: traduzir e adaptar culturalmente a Escala para Medir la Habilidad de Cuidado de Cuidadores Familiares de Personas con Enfermedad Crónica para o contexto brasileiro. Materiais e método: trata-se de um estudo metodológico que seguiu as etapas preconizadas por Dorcas Beaton para tradução e adaptação cultural da referida escala no Brasil. Todos os preceitos éticos foram respeitados. Resultados: a tradução inicial do instrumento para o português brasileiro realizou-se por dois tradutores; em seguida, estabeleceu-se a versão consensual, a qual se retrotraduziu para o espanhol por outro tradutor independente. O comitê de especialistas contou com sete profissionais da área da saúde, obtendo-se índice de validade de conteúdo (IVC) = 1,00 em 41 itens, IVC = 0,86 em três itens e IVC = 0,71 em quatro itens. Após a adequação dos sete itens, aplicou-se o pré-teste com 14 cuidadores familiares de pessoas com doença renal crônica; a partir disso, foi possível verificar as dificuldades dos participantes e, assim, rever os itens. Conclusões: finalizado o processo de tradução e adaptação, obtém-se a versão brasileira do instrumento intitulada de "Escala para Medir a Habilidade de Cuidado de Cuidadores Familiares de Pessoas com Doença Crônica".

Cross-cultural psychometric assessment of an appetite questionnaire for patients with cancer / Avaliação psicométrica transcultural de um questionário de apetite para pacientes com câncer

Abstract Objective To evaluate the psychometric properties, along with cross-cultural invariance analysis, of the Cancer Appetite and Symptom Questionnaire (CASQ). Method Data from 555 United Kingdom (UK) cancer patients were used to evaluate the psychometric properties of the CASQ. Construct validity was assessed through factorial and convergent validity. We conducted a confirmatory factor analysis using as indices the chi-square ratio by degrees of freedom (χ2/df), the comparative fit index (CFI), the goodness of fit index (GFI), and the root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA). Convergent validity was estimated by the items' average variance extracted (AVE). Reliability was estimated by composite reliability and internal consistency. Factorial invariance analysis of the CASQ was evaluated by multigroup analysis (∆χ2) using the UK and Brazilian samples. Results All items showed adequate psychometric sensitivity in the UK sample. One item was removed and four correlations were included between errors with an appropriate fit of the model (χ2/df = 2.674, CFI = 0.966, GFI = 0.964, RMSEA = 0.055). The reliability of the CASQ was adequate and the convergent validity was low. The factorial structure of the CASQ differed across countries, and a lack of measurement invariance for the two countries was observed (λ: ∆χ2 = 64.008, p < 0.001; i: ∆χ2 = 3515.047, p < 0.001; Res: ∆χ2 = 4452.504, p < 0.001). Conclusion The CASQ showed adequate psychometric properties in the UK sample. The ability to estimate loss of appetite and the presence of symptoms was different between UK and Brazilian patients.

Resumo Objetivos Avaliar as propriedades psicométricas, juntamente com a análise de invariância transcultural, do Questionário de Apetite e Sintoma para Pacientes com Câncer (Cancer Appetite and Symptom Questionnaire, CASQ). Métodos Dados de 555 pacientes com câncer do Reino Unido foram utilizados para avaliar as propriedades psicométricas do CASQ. A validade de construto foi estimada por meio das validades fatorial e convergente. Realizou-se análise fatorial confirmatória utilizando como índices a razão de qui-quadrado pelos graus de liberdade (χ2/gl), o comparative fit index (CFI), o goodness of fit index (GFI) e o root mean square error of aproximation (RMSEA). A validade convergente foi estimada pela variância extraída média (VEM). A confiabilidade foi estimada pela confiabilidade composta e consistência interna. A análise de invariância fatorial do CASQ foi avaliada por análise multigrupos (∆χ2) usando as amostras do Reino Unido e do Brasil. Resultados Todos os itens apresentaram adequada sensibilidade psicométrica na amostra do Reino Unido. Um item foi removido e foram incluídas quatro correlações entre erros, o que resultou em ajustamento adequado do modelo à amostra (χ2/df = 2,674, CFI = 0,966, GFI = 0,964, RMSEA = 0,055). A confiabilidade do CASQ foi adequada e a validade convergente foi baixa. A estrutura fatorial do CASQ diferiu entre os países, e uma falta de invariância foi observada para os dois países (λ: ∆χ2 = 64,008, p < 0,001; i: ∆χ2 = 3515,047, p < 0,001; Res: ∆χ2 = 4452,504, p < 0,001). Conclusão O CASQ apresentou adequadas propriedades psicométricas na amostra do Reino Unido. A capacidade de estimar a falta de apetite e a presença de sintomas foi diferente entre pacientes do Reino Unido e do Brasil.

Authentic Leadership Questionnaire: invariance between samples of Brazilian and Portuguese employees

The Authentic Leadership Questionnaire (ALQ) is used to assess authentic leadership (AL). Although ALQ is often used in empirical research, cross-cultural studies with this measure are scarce. Aiming to contribute to filling this gap, this study assesses the invariance of the ALQ measure between samples of Brazilian (N= 1019) and Portuguese (N= 842) employees. A multi-group confirmatory factor analysis was performed, and the results showed the invariance of the first- and second-order factor models between the Brazilian and Portuguese samples. The results are discussed considering their cultural setting, with the study's limitations and future research directions being pointed out. (AU)

Representación social de la noción de felicidad en estudiantes y profesionales de educación y salud de Chile e Italia / Social Representation of Happiness in Students and Both Education and Health Professionals from Chile and Italy

La felicidad es una construcción simbólica polisémica con múltiples raíces filosóficas que aglutina sentidos de lo bueno y lo deseable para la vida humana. En ciencias sociales y psicología se aborda desde múltiples conceptos, en función de los cuales se realizan estudios mundiales cuyos resultados orientan las políticas públicas. Se propone un abordaje emic, a través de un estudio transcultural sobre su representación social en muestras de estudiantes y profesionales de la salud y la educación en Chile e Italia, agentes socializadores en bienestar y calidad de vida. La investigación contempló dos estudios cualitativos, el primero aplicando un cuestionario de preguntas abiertas a 164 participantes y el segundo realizando ocho grupos focales con 65 sujetos. Se realizó análisis de contenido inductivo para la generación de categorías y dimensiones socio-semánticas. Se constató un núcleo común a ambos países para la noción, componentes y tres tipos de felicidad. Se concluyó que los significados sobre felicidad influyen en las experiencias, su interpretación, los juicios de vida y la orientación del proyecto vital de las personas. Se problematizan estos resultados a la luz de los estudios mundiales de felicidad y el tratamiento del constructo en el escenario social.

Happiness is a symbolic polysemic construction, with multiple- philosophical roots, which brings sense to the good and desirable for human life. In social sciences and psychology it is approached from multiple concepts, and accordingly their results orient public policy. One emic approach is proposed, through a cross-cultural study of its social representation on samples of students and professionals from health and educational areas of Chile and Italy, which are socializing agents on well-being and quality of life. The research included two qualitative studies, the first using an open-ended questionnaire to 164 participants and the second conducting eight focus groups with 65 subjects. Inductive content analysis was used to generate categories and socio-semantic dimensions. A common nucleus to both countries was found, for the notion, components and three types of happiness. It was concluded that the meanings of happiness influence the experiences, interpretations, trials of life and the vital project orientation of individuals. These results were problematized in light of global studies of happiness and the treatment of the construct in the social scenario.

Perceptions and practices of commensality and solo-eating among Korean and Japanese university students: A cross-cultural analysis

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Commensality, eating together with others, is a major representation of human sociality. In recent time, environments around commensality have changed significantly due to rapid social changes, and the decline of commensality is perceived as a serious concern in many modern societies. This study employs a cross-cultural analysis of university students in two East Asian countries, and examines cross-cultural variations of perceptions and actual practices of commensality and solo-eating. SUBJECTS/METHODS: The analysis was drawn from a free-list survey and a self-administrative questionnaires of university students in urban Korea and Japan. The free-listing survey was conducted with a small cohort to explore common images and meanings of commensality and solo-eating. The self-administrative questionnaire was developed based on the result of the free-list survey, and conducted with a larger cohort to examine reasons and problems of practices and associated behaviors and food intake. RESULTS: We found that Korean subjects tended to show stronger associations between solo-eating and negative emotions while the Japanese subjects expressed mixed emotions towards the practice of solo-eating. In the questionnaire, more Korean students reported they prefer commensality and tend to eat more quantities when they eat commensally. In contrast, more Japanese reported that they do not have preference on commensality and there is no notable difference in food quantities when they eat commensally and alone. Compared to the general Korean cohort finding, more proportion of overweight and obese groups of Korean subjects reported that they tend to eat more when they are alone than normal and underweight groups. This difference was not found in the overweight Japanese subjects. CONCLUSION: Our study revealed cross-cultural variations of perceptions and practices of commensality and solo-eating in a non-western setting.

Hardiness and Burnout Syndrome: a cross-cultural study among portuguese and brazilian nurses / Hardiness e Sindrome de Burnout: um estudo transcultural entre enfermeiros portugueses e brasileiros / Hardiness y el Síndrome de Burnout: un estudio transcultural con enfermeros portugueses y brasileños

This cross-cultural study investigated and compared the influence of hardiness in burnout among Portuguese and Brazilian nurses, as measured by the Maslach Burnout Inventory- Human Service Survey (MBI-HSS) and the Personal Views Survey (PVS). The sample consisted of 630 nurses working in hospitals (394 Portuguese, 236 Brazilians). The statistical analysis using multiple linear regression showed that hardiness is a personality trait that explains burnout, presenting different predictive models for each sample. Results suggested that overall work characteristics and work settings of Portuguese and Brazilian nurses explained the differences found between the samples. Findings suggested that future applied interventions aiming to reduce burnout among Portuguese and Brazilian nurses, should contemplate different hardiness dimensions.

Estudo transcultural que buscou explorar a influência do hardiness nas dimensões da Síndrome de Burnout em enfermeiros portugueses e brasileiros, avaliados através do Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services (MBI-HSS) e do Personal Views Survey (PVS). A amostra foi constituída por 630 enfermeiros (394 Portugueses, 236 Brasileiros) que exerciam as suas funções no contexto hospitalar. Os resultados, obtidos por meio de análise de Regressão Linear Múltipla, indicam que hardiness, enquanto traço de personalidade, explica de forma significativa a Síndrome de Burnout nos enfermeiros, revelando diferenças nos modelos preditivos de acordo com a nacionalidade. As evidências encontradas sugerem a importância das características do trabalho e do contexto laboral na explicação das diferenças encontradas em ambas as amostras. Os resultados sugerem que intervenções para reduzir o burnout dos enfermeiros portugueses e brasileiros devem contemplar as diferentes dimensões do hardiness.

Se trata de un estudio transcultural que busca explorar la influencia del hardiness en las dimensiones del síndrome de burnout en enfermeras brasileñas y portuguesas, evaluados con el Maslach Burnout Inventory-Human Services (MBI-HSS) e do Personal Views Survey (PVS). La muestra fue constituida por 630 enfermeras (394 portugueses, 236 brasileños) que trabajavan en el contexto hospitalario. Los resultados obtenidos mediante análisis de regresión lineal múltiple indican que el hardiness, como un rasgo de la personalidad, explica significativamente el síndrome de burnout en enfermeras, mostrando diferencias significativas en los modelos de predicción de acuerdo con la nacionalidad. La evidencia destaca la importancia de las características del trabajo y el contexto de para explicar las diferencias encontradas en ambas muestras. Los resultados sugieren que las intervenciones para reducir el burnout en enfermeros portugueses y brasileños deben tener en cuenta las diferentes dimensiones de hardiness.

Un estudio preliminar de los factores predictores de la conducta de atracón en tres culturas: México, Argentina y España / A preliminary study of the predictive factors of binge eating behavior in three cultures: Mexico, Spain and Argentina

La conducta de atracón, el incremento en su frecuencia que incide en el riesgo asociado a trastorno alimentario, así como su relación con sobrepeso y obesidad constituyen un problema de salud vigente a nivel nacional e internacional. El objetivo de la investigación fue explorar, identificar y describir los factores de riesgo que se interrelacionan y explican la Conducta de Atracón, poniendo especial interés en las similitudes y diferencias inherentes a muestras de tres diferentes países de habla hispana (México, España y Argentina). La muestra agrupó N = 258 mujeres: mexicanas (n = 85, Medad = 16.18, DE = 0.99); argentinas (n = 75, Medad = 17.00, DE = 1.24) y españolas (n = 98, Medad = 17.00, DE = 1.36). Se utilizaron instrumentos psicométricamente adecuados. Entre los resultados de mayor interés se encontró que el factor comer por compensación psicológica obtiene el peso β más alto en cada grupo y el análisis de senderos confirma su importancia intercultural. El carácter emocional de dicho factor, su aportación a la prevención y su poder predictivo forman parte de la discusión.

The increased frequency of binge eating behavior, and its relationship to overweight and obesity, expressed a national and international real health problem. The objective of this study was to explore, identify and describe the risk factors that interrelate and explain Binge Eating Behavior, paying special attention to the similarities and differences inherent to samples from three different Spanish-speaking countries (Mexico, Spain and Argentina). The total sample consisted of N = 258 women: Mexican (n = 85, Mage = 16.18, SD = 0.99); Argentine (n = 75, Mage = 17.00, SD = 1.24) and Spanish (n = 98, Mage = 17.00, SD = 1.36). The instruments used showed a good psychometrical properties. The eating for psychological compensation factor gets the highest β weight in the three groups and its intercultural relevance is confirmed by the Path Analysis. It is discussed the emotional nature of the eating for psychological compensation factor, its contribution to prevention, and its predictive power.

El sentido del mundo y el significado del yo: Inventario de Cogniciones Postraumáticas (ICPT) en población hispana / World Schema and Self Schema: The Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI) in Hispanic Population

El objetivo de este artículo es analizar, en población hispana, las propiedades psicométricas del Inventario de Cogniciones Postraumáticas (ICPT), un instrumento diseñado por Edna B. Foa para la medición de creencias y pensamientos relacionados con el trauma. El instrumento fue administrado a una muestra de 132 participantes de España, a una muestra de 363 personas de El Salvador, y a una muestra de 47 víctimas directas de los atentados terroristas del 11-M de España. La estructura factorial del ICPT fue analizada mediante Análisis Paralelo de Horn, análisis factorial exploratorio y confirmatorio. Los resultados señalaron la existencia de tres factores que explicaron un 51% de la varianza: Creencias Negativas sobre el Yo (35%), Creencias Negativas sobre el Mundo (10%) y Autoculpa (6%). Los análisis factoriales confirmatorios respaldaron esta estructura tanto con la ausencia (CFI = 0,93) como con la presencia de un factor general de segundo orden (CFI = 0,93). Las tres dimensiones mostraron una buena consistencia interna en todas las muestras con valores generales del α de Cronbach superiores a 0.90. El ICPT correlacionó con la severidad del trauma (r=0.61) así como con otros instrumentos para medir cogniciones postraumáticas. Finalmente el ICPT discriminó con precisión entre las personas que presentaron psicopatología postraumática de aquellas otras que no lo hicieron.

The main purpose of the present article was to analyze in Hispanic population the psychometric properties of Posttraumatic Cognitions Inventory (PTCI), a measure of trauma-related thoughts and beliefs developed by Edna B. Foa. The inventory was administered to 132 participants of general population of Spain, 363 participants of El Salvador, and 47 direct victims of 11-M terrorist attacks in Spain. The PTCI factorial structure was analyzed using Parallel Analyses of Horn and exploratory and confirmatory factor analyses. Results showed three factors that explained 51% of variance: Negative Cognitions About Self (35%), Negative Cognitions About the World (10%), and Self-Blame (6%). CFA confirmed the three factors structure without a second order factor (CFI =0,93) and with this general factor (CFI = 0,93). The three dimensions showed good internal consistency with general Cronbach α levels higher than 0,70. PTCI correlated with trauma severity (r = 0,61) and with other measures of trauma-related cognitions. Finally, the PTCI discriminate with precision between traumatized and not traumatized individuals.

A cross-cultural study on the usage of cooperative learning techniques in graduate level education in five different countries / Estudio transcultural sobre el uso de técnicas de aprendizaje cooperativo en estudiantes graduados en cinco países diferentes

The purpose of this study was to examine graduate students' experiences of cooperative learning in higher education in five ethnically, culturally and geographically different countries. This research was an attempt to understand how a culturally distinct instruction and academic environments influence their learning processes and implications for better instructional designs. Graduate students from Saudi Arabia, Brazil, Korea, Turkey, United States, Colombia, Denmark, Lithuania and Syria are surveyed and analysis of variance and factor analysis techniques are used in statistical analysis. Results revealed that culture did not have effect on learning preferences. Graduate students made conscious choices whether to be involved or not in cooperative learning in their educational environment.

El propósito de esta investigación fue examinar las experiencias del aprendizaje cooperativo en estudiantes graduados de nivel universitario en cinco países cultural, etnográfica y geográficamente diferentes. Este estudio fue realizado con el propósito de entender cómo influye la educación culturamente distinta y los ambientes académicos en el proceso de aprendizaje y sus implicaciones en el desarrollo de mejores sistemas educativos. Se encuestaron estudiantes universitarios originarios de Arabia Saudita, Brasil, Corea,Turquía, Estados Unidos. A sus respuestas se les aplicó un análisis de varianza y técnicas de análisis factorial. Los resultados mostraron que la cultura no tuvo efecto alguno en las preferencias de aprendizaje. Los estudiantes universitarios realizaron una elección consciente con respecto a su participación o no en el aprendizaje cooperativo en sus ambientes educativos.

Attributions to Quality of Life Between Korean and Korean-American Elderly / 성인간호학회지

PURPOSE: The present study was designed to explore and compare attributes of the quality of life between Korean elderly and Korean- American elderly. METHOD: The research design was a descriptive design and questionaries were used. Studies were done using questionnaires. Data were collected from convenient sample of 163 Korean elderly and 151 Korean-American elderly recruited from senior centers and churches. Collected data were analyzed by using SPSS/WIN 10.0. RESULTS: There were significant difference between Korean elderly and Korean- American elderly in education and income. Korean-American elderly showed higher self- esteem, self-efficacy, and quality of life than those of Korean elderly. The influencing factors on quality of life in Korean elderly were defined as self-esteem and self-efficacy. And the influencing factor on quality of life in Korean- American elderly was defined as self-efficacy. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, the results of this study showed that self-efficacy was a very important factor as attribution to the quality of life for both elderly group. Therefore, self-efficacy should be promoted in nursing intervention in order to enhance the quality of life for both Korean and Korean-American elderly.

A Cross-Cultural Study on Psychosocial Risk Factors of Adolescent Depression between Koreans and Korean-Russians / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: In order to study a cross-cultural epidemiology of the adolescent depressives with Korean ethnicity in Korea and Russia, we compared psychosocial characteristics and risk factors of depressive disorder between two school-based populations in different sociocultural environments. METHODS: We measured psychosocial variables of 838 subjects in Korea, and 652 in Russia (Uzbekitan) using Basic Questionnaires and Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) RESULTS: The cut-off point of BDI for adolescent depression in Koreans was 19 points. Higher prevalence of depression was noted in Korean adolescents (26.5%)compared to Korean-Russian adolescents (7.4%) We found signicant risk factors of adolescent depression in two study samples: female, academic failure, meeting friends less frequently, presence of chronic physical illness, interpersonal problems with parents, and same-sex and opposite-sex friends. CONCLUSIONS: Our data will provide information on cross-cultural understanding of psychosocial characteristics and risk factors in adolescent depression compared between Koreans and Korean-Russians.

A Cross-cultural Study of Alcoholism in Korean, Yanbian Korean-Chinese, and Yanbian Chinese Alcoholics / 신경정신의학

OBJECTIVES: In order to examine the sociocultural effects of drinking, the authors compared drinking patterns, acceptance levels toward drinking, and the threshold of permission towards drinking behavior in Korean, Yanbian Korean-Chinese, and Yanbian Chinese alcoholics. METHODS: 60 Korean, 100 Korean-Chinese, 98 Chinese male alcoholic inpatients were examined by questionnaire and interview. RESULTS: 1) Korean alcoholics were found to be older, less educated, in blue collar occupations, and least stable in their marital state. In comparison, Korean-Chinese and Chinese alcoholics were highly educated, in white collar occupations, and most stable in their marital state with Chinese alcoholics being the youngest. 2) The average amount of daily alcohol consumption and shortest duration was greatest among Korean, then Chinese, followed by Korean-Chinese alcoholics. It took a longer time for Korean alcoholics to try to quit drinking artier the initiation of heavy drinking than it did far Korean-Chinese or Chinese alcoholics. 3) In acceptance levels toward male drinking, there were no differences among the groups. 4) In acceptance levels toward female drinking, Koreas were more permissive than Chinese. However there was no difference between Koreans and Korean-Chinese toward female drinking. 5) In acceptance levels toward drinking by age, all the groups were most permissive toward 40 year old male and female, followed by 60 year old male old female, young male and female, and least permissive toward boy and girl. 6) In acceptance levels toward drinking by gender, all the groups were more permissive toward males drinking the females drinking. 7) Korean alcoholics had the highest threshold of displeasure for drinking behavior followed by Korean-Chinese and then Chinese alcoholics. CONCLUSION: Korean alcoholics had higher levels in all categories, namely in alcohol consumption, acceptance levels toward drinking, and threshold of displeasure for drinking behavior than other groups. The Chinese alcoholics contrarily had lower levels in all categories than others. It is the results of the Korean-Chinese alcoholics that draw the conclusion that despite having similarities to that of the Korean alcoholics in terms of sociological norms toward drinking, their drinking pattern reflects that of the Chinese alcoholics. Thus the differences in average amount of alcohol consumption, acceptance levels toward drinking, and threshold of displeasure for drinking behavior between Korean and Chinese alcoholics suggest that there are sociocultural effects of drinking.